Friday, November 20, 2009
7464 Voicethreadresubmission Workshop Plan Jkm
7464 Workshop Powerpoint New Jkm
Thursday, November 19, 2009
PBL Proposal - Erica Boswell
PBL Proposal
PowerPoint to Accompany Proposal
Display Board for Proposal
Samples of Student Work - Comic Life and Publisher Poster
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
PBL Lesson Plan
By: Leah Doughman
Overview:
Title: Fantasy Baseball Fact and Opinion
Grade Level: Second Grade
Goals: The goal for this project is to increase student motivation in math and across other subject matter.
Objectives: Listed below are the Georgia Performance Standards as well as the NETS●S standards that will be covered while completing this lesson in a second grade classroom.
GPS:
ELA2R4- This standard states that student uses a variety of strategies to gain meaning from grade-level text. The student distinguishes fact from fiction in a text.
ELA2W2- This standard states that the student will write in a variety of genres, including narrative, informational, persuasive, and response to literature. The student produces a response to literature that:
a. Captures a reader’s interest by stating an opinion about a text.
NETS●S:
Creativity and Innovation: Students demonstrate creative thinking, construct knowledge, and develop innovative products and processes using technology. Students:
a. Apply existing knowledge to generate new ideas, products, or processes.
b. Create original works as a means of personal or group expression.
Communication and Collaboration: Students use digital media and environments to communicate and work collaboratively, including at a distance, to support individual learning and contribute to the learning of others. Students:
c. Interact, collaborate, and publish with peers, experts, or others employing a variety of digital environments and media.
d. Communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences using a variety of media and formats.
Rational:
Recent research has indicated that using sports in the classroom has helped to increase student motivation along with academic improvement in the classroom. This was one of the reasons for implementing this lesson plan as part of the project; it was created to help increase student motivation in math as well as other subjects. My lesson was developed to show that fantasy baseball can be implemented in the lower grade levels and vary across subjects. Fantasy baseball does not have to be carried out in just the upper level math classes. My lesson proves this, and was developed for second grade in a reading or language arts classroom.
Prerequisites:
Teacher(s) must have the fantasy baseball blog created and set up with useful as well as grade appropriate websites (or teachers can use the already created Fantasy Baseball Blog listed in the materials section below). The websites that the teacher wants his or her students to research can and should be listed as a gadget option for the blog. Several websites need to be listed so students have a number of sites to research their baseball player. The VoiceThread link also needs to be listed to the blog so students can post their picture(s) and comments and/or audio to the site. It would also be beneficial if students have previous experience with the blog before completing this assignment. (This may need to be done before fact and opinion lesson is carried out.)
Resources:
Listed below are the materials that are needed to carry out this lesson plan.
- Link to Blogger (allows teachers to create their own blog; if desired)
- Link to Fantasy Baseball Blog (this link takes teachers to an already created fantasy baseball blog)
- Link to VoiceThread
- PowerPoint on How to Create a VoiceThread
- Handouts on How to Create a VoiceThread (for the teacher)
- Rubric of VoiceThread Evaluation
Processes:
1. Before the lesson begins, the teacher needs to have the Fantasy Baseball Blog saved as an icon on the computers. This will help to eliminated wasted time and typing errors in web addresses. The definitions and concepts of fact and opinion should have already been covered too.
2. Activating Strategy: Allow students the opportunity to explore the Fantasy Baseball Blog. Teachers need to be available to assist with any questions or problems that may arise while exploring the blog. The object here is for students to become comfortable with the blog. After exploring the blog and all its components, lead students in a discussion that gets them excited about picking their favorite baseball player. Encourage them to go home and talk with their parents; get the students to find out about their parents favorite baseball player. Students need to understand that they will be doing some research on their favorite baseball player, and that they will be creating a VoiceThread on their player.
3. Once students are familiar with the all the components of the blog, show them an “already-created” VoiceThread. Allow them the opportunity to explore the VoiceThread site as well. Students need to understand that this is where they will be completing their project. This is a great time to share the rubric with the students too. They need to understand and know the requirements of the project. Teacher can go through the rubric with the students to answer questions and eliminate any confusion.
4. Next, provide students with the opportunity to explore and research their player using the “useful website” located on the Fantasy Baseball Blog. They should spend some time researching their player. This will help them to formulate an opinion about their player while gathering numerous facts.
5. While students are researching their player, try to emphasize the relativity of their player to their lives. The object, at this point, is for students to understand that these are real people who live everyday lives like them. They have a home, they go to the grocery store, they went to school, etc. They are not make-believe characters. This could direct the direction of some facts. The goal here is for students to see relativity in their lives to the baseball players lives. (This tends to increase interest too.)
6. Once students have had the opportunity to research their player and gather numerous facts as well as opinions, they need to write (in a sentence that they will record or type) their three facts and one opinion. The next step is for students to create their VoiceThread. The teacher needs to be available at all times to instruct and assist the students. Students need to have their rubrics, research, and sentences available.
7. Allow students the time and opportunity needed to create their VoiceThread (do not rush them or feel like one must complete this project in a day). At all times throughout this project, teachers need to be available to provide continuous assistance. Students should have a minimum of three facts and one opinion about their researched player recorded on the VoiceThread along with a picture of their player when the project is complete, ready to be submitted to the blog.
8. After the creation of the VoiceThreads, VoiceThread presentations will be linked to the Fantasy Baseball Blog. This will allow the VoiceThread link to be embedded into the Fantasy Baseball Blog for other classmates, parents, and classrooms to view. This is also where teachers will view the final projects to complete assessments.
9. Summarizing Activity: The teacher could project the Fantasy Baseball Blog and show some of the completed, linked VoiceThreads to the class. This is an excellent time for teachers and students to assess others work.
Feedback:
Teachers will use a combination of assessments to give continual feedback. Informal observations will be carried out throughout all stages of the project. Questioning will also be another means of assessing student growth and progress throughout this project. Students will be assessed and evaluated on the content in their VoiceThread. They should have at least three facts, one opinion, and picture of their player. The picture(s) should be an accurate picture of their baseball player, and their facts and opinions should be typed or recorded on their VoiceThread link. VoiceThread projects will also be assessed on the neatness and organization of their project. Students and teachers can receive feedback on their projects through blog postings on the Fantasy Baseball Blog from parents as well as other classrooms. Please view the linked rubric above in the materials list to see detailed assessment requirements.
Sunday, November 15, 2009
Blog Turnover Reflection C
Blogs can be used to post newsletters, homework assignments, and upcoming events, but they can definitely go a step further. Blogs can be a posting as well as storage facility for students’ work. Parents may not be able to come in and see their child’s work, but by posting a picture or example of their work on a blog quickly allows parents to see what their child is capable of doing. Blogs can also foster communication between parents and students; for example fantasy baseball in math classes. Parents can help their child pick players for their fantasy team. This increases communication. Blogs provide younger students with a safe means of doing research. Teachers can post websites that they want their students to research; students can then go to the blog and search away. Blogs can also provide daily images of subjects being studied. For example, kindergarten students are studying fall and what fall looks like. The teacher could post a spot for autumn pictures and in the mornings as part of morning procedures, one student could look on the blog and show it to the class. This could change when winter arrived or spring. Needless to say, blogs can provide lots of educational scenarios that are both fun and hands-on for the teacher, parents, and especially the students.
Friday, November 13, 2009
Blog Turnover Reflection B
What has stood out to me since I have started blogging has been the ease of it. I have created a website before; creating, updating, and maintaining a blog is so much easier and efficient (to me) compared to a website. I personally like blogging much better.
Blog Turnover Reflection A
PBL Article (Website)
This website, www.bie.org, gives an overview of what is project based learning. It offers professional development, web resources, and places to order PBL books. The professional development section of this website discusses workshops that are offered to educators. It was definitely work checking out.
Check out Buck Institute for Education (BIE) website to learn more about Project Based Learning: http://www.bie.org/index.php/site/PBL/overview_pbl/
PBL Reflection
I thought our Fantasy Baseball and Math PBL was really good. It addressed several ways to increase motivation in grades 3-12 math. I was the odd ball (in a good way); I went in the opposite direction- reading and second grade. This was done intentionally to prove that fantasy baseball can be used in lower grade levels and in other subject areas. I enjoyed this aspect of it; it was like a “prove me wrong” type scenario!
Here is a picture of my presentation:
View the Fantasy Baseball Blog I created to go with this lesson.
Here is the link to the final project: Kennedy’s VoiceThread Project
Thursday, November 12, 2009
My Initial Thoughts on PBL
My first task was to create a fantasy baseball blog. I have to admit, but I had to do some research on what exactly fantasy baseball is. I have never competed with players and their stats with my student or anyone else. I hope this does not affect the out comes of my project.
You can view the fantasy baseball blog at:
http://fantasybaseball7464.blogspot.com/
Monday, November 9, 2009
Digital Storytelling in the Classroom
Leah Doughman: http://integratingtechnology1.blogspot.com/2009/10/my-digital-story.html
“I Am Poems” explains and demonstrates the use of an I Am poem. This type of poem offers the writer a skeleton or format of a poem. The meat of the poem is to be filled in by the writer. The poem can be formatted to fit any subject. It can be used to describe a math concept (some modifications may have to be made) or to describe a character from a book. The instructor can add to the format or take certain aspects out of the outline; it depends on your students (age, grade, etc.) Use your imagination with the format and the possibilities are endless.
Jean Martin: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsF2SJhav9s
“The State of Georgia: Location, Regions, and Selected Symbols” is an overview of the five regions of Georgia, showing the varied landforms from the Mountain Regions to the Coastal Plains. It also includes a number of symbols of the state of Georgia. It contains both science and social studies vocabulary and content and was developed as an opening presentation to studying either science or social studies standards on Georgia.
Barry Thibault: http://stu.westga.edu/~bthibau1/MEDT7476_MovieProject_BDT.wmv
“Technology in Today’s Classroom” deals with the technology found in many classrooms, including those used by teachers and students. Creating videos with Windows’ Movie Maker can help keep instruction fun and educational in my theater class. The movies created with this software can also be used to display student work at a kiosk or presented at a PTSA event. Eventually, classes could present a movie before a performance of a play showing the behind-the-scenes work that was put into the final production. The desired outcome for using video projects in the classroom could include a communication tool for expressing information and ideas to multiple audiences. This would be a fun activity for all school aged children with a desire to learn through creativity.
Digital Storytelling in the Classroom
The PowerPoint presentation to accompany the workshop:
Handout to correspond with the PowerPoint and be given out during the workshop:
Survey to complete after the workshop has been completed:
Sample rubric for student work:
Friday, November 6, 2009
Technology that Supports eLearning
In regards to eLearning, I was curious about eBooks so this is what led me in my article search. I found an article called, EBooks Rewrite the Rules of Education. It was an interesting article that discussed how eBooks are entering into the educational arena and the perks of using them.
According to the article, eBooks save people time, money, and are easier to use and access. EBooks aso give students more individualized learning experiences. EBooks have been made easier because of Web 2.0 applications, iphones, Safari Bookbag, and reading devices like Amazon Kindle. There has also been a lot of promotion for eBooks. Last year, an event called “Read an E-Book Week” took place. Its goal was to inform the public about the advantages of reading material electronically (p.12). Some sites, mentioned in this article, will let eBook viewers access some books and software for free. That within itself is really worth checking into!
Bibliography
Mullan, E. (2009). Ebooks rewrite the rules of education. eContent , 12-13.
Saturday, October 31, 2009
Using Projects and Performances to Check for Understanding
We build incremental assessments into our project-based assignments to prevent these difficulties. For example, we assign a photo essay to our 9th grade writing class (Frey, 2003). This is quite an undertaking, and students' interest and enthusiasm run high. However, because we know the assignment is fraught with potential problems, we meet with each student several times over the course of the project. Students develop a storyboard, draft text, and assemble the final product. At each stage, we confer with them and complete a checklist (see Figure 5.1). In addition, we use a mutually constructed rubric at each stage so that they can gauge the level of completeness of their project (see Figure 5.2). These checklists and notes from our meetings are turned in with the final project. Of course, these tools can be modified for use with students with disabilities and for students who find school difficult.
Figure 5.1. Feedback for Draft Photo Essays
Feedback on Draft of Photo Essay
Student: _______________ Date: _________ Draft # _________
CATEGORY
RESPONSIBILITIES
Conventions
□ My paragraphs have more than one sentence.
□ Each of my paragraphs has one main idea.
□ I have used correct grammar.
□ I have used correct punctuation.
□ I have checked my spelling.
□ I have used capital letters correctly.
□ My handwriting is legible.
Organization
□ My introduction is interesting and inviting.
□ The sequence of ideas is logical.
□ My ideas flow from one to another.
□ I use helpful transitions between main points (e.g., “First of all” or “Similarly”).
□ I have a satisfying conclusion.
Flow
□ My sentences build logically upon the one(s) before.
□ My sentences are different lengths.
□ My sentences start in different ways.
□ There are no run-on sentences.
□ There are no incomplete sentences.
Punctuation
□ Commas separate items in a series.
□ A comma follows an introductory word or phrase.
□ A semicolon connects two sentences.
□ Closing quotation marks always follow commas or periods.
□ Apostrophes are used correctly to show possession or to create contractions.
□ A period, question mark, or exclamation point ends every sentence.
Word Choice
□ I use descriptive words (adjectives and adverbs) often.
□ I use strong, active verbs.
□ I use synonyms and different words to add variety.
□ My pronouns match the nouns to which they refer.
Next Steps:
From “A picture prompts a thousand words: Creating photo essays with struggling writers,” by N. Frey, 2003, California English, 8(5), 20.
Figure 5.2. Rubric for Photo Essay
Student Name: _____________________ Date:_____________
Title: _________________________
Category
4
3
2
1
Required Elements
Photo essay included all required elements as well as a few additional ones.
Photo essay included all required elements as well as one additional element.
Photo essay included all required elements.
One or more required elements were missing from the photo essay.
Spelling and Grammar
Few or no spelling or grammatical mistakes on a photo essay with lots of text.
Few or no spelling or grammatical mistakes on a photo essay with less text.
Several spelling or grammatical mistakes on a photo essay with lots of text.
Several spelling or grammatical mistakes on a photo essay with little text.
Use of Time
Used time well during each class period with no adult reminders.
Used time well during most class periods with no adult reminders.
Used time well but required adult reminders on one or more occasions.
Used time poorly in spite of several adult reminders.
Content
Photo essay uses both text and pictures to tell an imaginative story.
Photo essay uses mostly text, with some support from pictures, to tell an imaginative story.
Some pictures and text are not clearly related to one another.
Text and pictures have little connection with one another.
Required Elements:
□ 15–20 photographs used in photo essay.
□ Text is typed or written neatly.
□ Photo essay includes a cover with title, author, and illustration.
□ “About the Author” essay included.
From “A picture prompts a thousand words: Creating photo essays with struggling writers,” by N. Frey, 2003, California English, 8(5), 21.
Social Organizations That Promote Participation and a Sense of Agency
Many projects and performances involve group collaboration, and these instructional arrangements can be a source of frustration when not carefully designed and monitored. A common element in the findings about successful cooperative learning groups is that there should be both group and individual accountability (Cohen, 1994; Johnson & Johnson, 1998). Therefore, it is wise to provide students with a mechanism for evaluating their own performance in the group. We have included a sample self-assessment in Figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3. Self-Assessment of Group Work
Language arts workshop: Purposeful reading and writing instruction
Projects that are completed individually may benefit from inviting peer feedback, which can be valuable for all students. Anyone engaged in a creative endeavor knows how useful it can be to run an idea past a trusted colleague. Peer response in the classroom can offer the same advantages, but the skills required for offering and accepting need to be taught. In particular, we remind our students of the following principles:
* Students determine when they need peer feedback. We don't construct an artificial schedule of when students are required to get peer feedback, only that they do so at some point during the project.
* Not everything needs peer feedback. Too much feedback can result in an overload of information.
* Teachers, not students, should offer feedback on the details and mechanics of the piece. Peer response should not turn classmates into miniature teachers. Instead, peers can provide reactions as a fellow reader, writer, or audience member related to what they understood and what might be confusing (Frey & Fisher, 2006).
Problem-Based and Project-Based Learning
Both problem-based and project-based learning (PBL) can be integrated into performances. These approaches seek to replicate an authentic experience or application that occurs outside the classroom. Most experiences are designed to be collaborative, resulting in social as well as academic learning. Both problem-based and project-based learning are intended to integrate skills and content across disciplines, resulting in a holistic experience.
Although the approaches are similar, there are some differences between the two. Project-based learning is more common to elementary and secondary classrooms; problem-based learning is used less frequently (Esch, 1998). Problem-based learning is used widely in the medical field, where case studies serve as an important method for developing the skills of novices (Hmelo, 1998). Because problem-based learning is, by design, authentic to the situation, young students are more limited in their ability to successfully complete these complex assignments. Therefore, project-based learning, where a multidimensional task is defined and supported, is used more frequently in K–12 classrooms.
Projects can extend from a few days in length to weeks or even a semester, with even young children finding success. For example, project-based learning has been used in inclusive 5th and 6th grade classrooms to teach historical understanding (Ferretti, MacArthur, & Okolo, 2001). While the potential of project-based learning is appealing, Meyer, Turner, and Spencer (1997) offer cautions regarding the design of such learning experiences. Having noted that some students have less capacity for dealing with setbacks and other challenges, they state that “typical classroom goals such as accuracy, speed, and completion dates may conflict with the project-based math goals of justification, thoughtfulness, and revision” (p. 517). Keep in mind some of the design principles discussed earlier, especially access to frequent formative assessments to guide revisions. These, along with structures such as timelines and intermediate goals, can be especially helpful for students who are less persistent or who like their work to be perfect before the teacher sees it.
Performance Learning
A third type of learning opportunity used frequently in the classroom is performance, which can be presented through public or other visual means. Many performances focus on the application and synthesis of knowledge to create novel products. Like project-based learning, there is an end product in mind (e.g., a poster, a Web-based project, a musical). Not all performances are as elaborate as problem- and project-based learning (PBL) assignments. Some are simpler and do not need all of the formal supports associated with PBL. For example, the creation of a graphic organizer to visually represent the influence of Muslim scholars on scientific processes, mathematics, and literature is not likely to require a series of formative assessments along the way.
The importance of performance opportunities lies in their potential for providing other outlets for students to demonstrate their mastery of different concepts in ways that are not limited to more traditional school-based demonstrations such as reading, writing, and computational tasks. In many ways, performance tasks lie at the heart of differentiated instruction because they afford learners with diverse needs creative ways to show competence (Tomlinson, 1999).
In the next section, we will discuss techniques for using performances and projects to check for understanding. All of them use principles of design discussed earlier, especially scaffolds and group interactions. Although many are public performances, some are transactions between the teacher and learner only."
Project-Based Learning Tops Traditional Instruction | Asia Society
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Project-Based Learning Ideas for the Classroom
I really enjoyed blogging and I would like to see this occur at my school. I’m really not crazy about the school webpage, and I want something more interactive and personal for me, my students, and parents. I would like to create a project where teachers are given the opportunity to create their own blog and add things to it that would be beneficial to them and their students (i.e. spelling words, weather, newsletter, use websites to use at home and school, pictures on subjects studying, etc). What do you think?
PBL Idea 2
I would like to see digital stories using Movie Maker as a project based learning activity. I think educators could implement it in writer’s workshop as the publishing stage. This would motivate students to want to go to the publishing stage. Once stories have been published, teachers could invite parents in to do an “Author’s Tea”. I think this would be an excellent way to show student’s work and involve the parents. It gives the students something to be proud of. What do you think?
Sunday, October 25, 2009
Movie Maker Resources
If you need sound clips, you can access copyright free sounds at these websites:
www.freeplaymusic.com
www.sounddogs.com
You can access photographs at the following website:
http://www.westga.edu/gallery/ucm/main.php
Saturday, October 24, 2009
My Digital Story
I included a UnitedStreaming video to my digital story so viewers can see an example of the I Am poem in action. The video shows exactly how students or educators can use an I Am poem to describe a character from one’s perspective. The video has the outline or format of the I Am poem included in it.
I used the I Am poem outline in my class to with our poetry unit. Students went through writer’s workshop to get to the published piece. They usually don’t like to do the published piece of writer’s workshop, because they say it is the fourth time of writing their story. This time it was different; they were excited to publish a story. They really wanted to see their final product (and hear their voices).
I included one of my student’s digital stories in with my digital story so viewers can see how I implemented into my classroom. The student’s digital story that I included is a seven year old girl who is explaining things that she sees, feels, or is going through on a daily basis. This poem is part of her life story; it is one chapter of her life. She loves her hamster and her bedroom at home. She constantly worried about her parents who are in the process of a divorce. She spends the majority of her time with her mom and sees her dad on Tuesdays and every other weekend. Viewers can tell these things by listening to her poem and see how very important these things are to this seven year old, little girl.
Check out my video:
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Digital Storytelling Article
Digital Literacies Go to School: Potholes and Possibilities
This article helped readers gain an understanding or a clearer understand of what digital literacies are. My thoughts of digital literacies were people’s stories being put into a movie; a digital story or book. After reading this article, that is not the case and it changed my thoughts altogether.
According to O’Brien and Scharber, digital literacies are “things that digitally literate people produce (blogs, wikis, podcast)” or “activities that digitally literate people can engage in such as digital storytelling, social networking, and webpage creations” (p. 66).
Digital literacies are changing constantly because our technology is frequently changing. O’Brien and Scharber make several good points in this article; schools tend to promote old school literacies. When students leave school, they tend to “gravitate to and use new digital literacies” (p.67). I believe the use of old literacies with the bridging of new literacies will help the implementation process of technology in the classroom, without scaring any teacher away and keep the students involved.
Bibliography
O'Brien, D. & Scharber, C. (2008). Digital literacies go to school: Potholes and possibilities. International Reading Association , 66-68.
Wednesday, October 21, 2009
Technology Creativity and Production
In this article, Technology and Creativity, it took a very interesting approach to looking and comparing technology with creativity. The writer was worried that design might get overlooked with the amount of technology coming out and the effects it will have on creativity. Here is the author’s perspective:
“We put more and more effort into technological development because this is what we know how to do. We then use the technology to carry out existing concepts. Very rarely do we use the opportunity offered by new technology to develop new concepts. Creativity in technology is rather easier than creativity in value concepts.”
I found myself pondering if creativity in technology is easier than creative concepts. The more I thought about the more I tend to think that they tend to go hand-in-hand and aid to one another.
The author also made another interesting, yet good point: “education has always been about information” and thus this “became a major occupation of educators. Youngsters needed to know all there was to know. Today that is no longer possible.” I agree with this but then again I never saw educators trying to teach everything there is out there. I thought we were teaching students life skills and fostering opportunities that might spark an interest in their futures. But I guess that could include everything too! Things to ponder;)!
Bibliography
De Bono, E. (2006, July 8). Thinking Managers. Retrieved October 20, 2009, from Edward de Bono and Robert Heller's Thinking Managers: http://www.thinkingmanagers.com/management/technology-creativity.php
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Comic Life Workshop-Techy Teachers
Tuesday, October 13, 2009
My "soap boxes" and technology that supports creativity and production
In reading chapter five of Egbert, it was discussing the guidelines for supporting student’s creativity. And I agree immensely with guideline one “create an enriched environment” (p. 136). Teachers that foster creative allow students to explore, provides many examples, allows movement (not staying seated), appeals to the five senses, and so on. But I found it ironic that the text also went on to state features that smoother creativity:
• Rewards
• Time Pressures
• Overmonitoring
• Competition
• Restricted Choices
• High-Stake Evaluations
(p. 136)
I’m not saying that I agree with every single one of these, but I am agreeing with the high-stakes evaluations. I just find it kind of funny when you watch the news or read some report, you hear about how we are not creating “creative kids” anymore. We’ll what do they expect when everything we do now days is related to some high-stakes test? Hello!?!
Egbert, J. (2009). Supporting learning with technology: Essentials of classroom practice. Columbus, OH: Pearson.
Soap Box Number Two:
In chapter seven, on page 123, Boss and Krauss talk about the importance of conflict management. I consider this is a critical component of any group project, and I do think teachers need to pay close attention to the group dynamics. I also agree that teachers need to “help students learn to manage their own team conflicts” (p. 123). Otherwise things could really escalate and the main goal of the project could be lost. Solving conflicts is a real-life skill that will “serve them well for years to come” (p. 123).
All of that is great, and I agree with it and group work. The part that I don’t agree with and see a problem arising with is the “slacker”. Group work puts peer pressure on the “slacker” (yes it does), but the book goes on to say “the slacker becomes a real pain for the whole group” (p. 123). This to me causes problems with implementation of a project because students are having to spend their time making sure the “slacker” is doing his or her own work. This puts additional stress on all the other group members. Even if the teacher states that everyone will get a group grade, some students still refuse to pull their own weight. This just means that other group member will have to pick up the slack to complete the project. I do not find this fair, and why should the other group members have to worry about that when they have their own part to worry about.
Boss, S., & Krauss, J. (2007). Reinventing project-based learning: Your field guide to real-world projects in the digital age. Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education.